Modeling Regional Electric Field Using EISCAT3D Observations

HT and HV were supported by the Research Council of Finland project 354521, IV was partially supported by the Research Council of Finland (347796), SMH was supported by the Norwegian Research Council under contract 344061, MZ was supported by NASA HTMS Grant 80NSSC24K0126 and KML was funded by the European Union (ERC, DynaMIT, 101086985). The authors would like to thank J. P. Reistad for providing the GEMINI simulation data and guidance to process it. Open access publishing facilitated by Oulun yliopisto, as part of the Wiley - FinELib agreement.

The GEMINI simulation data used in this study is available in the Zenodo repository at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10561479 (Reistad & Zettergren, 2024). The PFISR data can be accessed from the SRI international database at https://data.amisr.com/database (SRI International, n.d.). Our model is written in the Python programming language, and its source code is available in the Zenodo repository (Tesfaw, 2025).