Effect of Polar Cap Patches on the High-Latitude Upper Thermospheric Winds

This work is supported by the ACROSS project funded by the Kvantum Institute of the University of Oulu, ESA's DARE project (Contract No. 4000130688/20/NL/FF/gp) and the Research Council of Finland projects INTERSECT (348782) and AuroralJoule (354521). This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI JP 16H06286, 21H04518, 21KK0059, 22H01283, 22H00173, and 22K21345. Work of SO was supported by the joint research program of PPARC, Tohoku University. We acknowledge EISCAT, OMNI database, FMI IMAGE Magnetometer network, SuperMAG collaborators (Gjerloev, 2012), SuperDARN, and JHUAPL for providing the data (see also Open research section). EISCAT is an international association supported by research organizations in China (CRIRP), Finland (SA), Japan (NIPR and ISEE), Norway (NFR), Sweden (VR), and the United Kingdom (UKRI). GPS TEC data products and access through the Madrigal distributed data system are provided to the community by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under support from US National Science Foundation Grant AGS-1242204. SuperDARN is a network of radars funded by national scientific funding agencies of Australia, Canada, China, France, Italy, Japan, Norway, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.

The GNSS TEC, EISCAT, and DMSP SSIES and SSJ data are obtained from the Madrigal database at http://cedar.openmadrigal.org/openmadrigal. The DMSP SSUSI data are obtained from https://ssusi.jhuapl.edu/home_welcome. The FPI quick-looks are available at www.soyama.org/data. The OMNI data were obtained from the GSFC/SPDF OMNIWeb interface at https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov (https://doi.org/10.48322/45bb-8792). The SML index is obtained from SuperMAG at https://supermag.jhuapl.edu/indices/. The IL index is obtained from the FMI IMAGE magnetometer network at https://space.fmi.fi/image/www/il_index_panel.php. SuperDARN provides the electric potential data via http://superdarn.org/. The GRACE neutral wind data are obtained from TUDelft TOLEOS project (http://thermosphere.tudelft.nl/index.html#header6-0). The open-source Python package GeospaceLAB (Cai et al., 2022) is used for managing and visualizing the data in this study, and the package is available at https://github.com/JouleCai/geospacelab (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7034531).