Understanding temporal variability across trophic levels and spatial scales in freshwater ecosystems

T.S. was supported by grants #19/04033-7 and #21/00619-7, São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) and by grant #309496/2021-7, Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). Participation by CPH was supported, in part, by US National Science Foundation grant IOS-1754838. CPH thanks the PacFish/InFish Biological Opinion Monitoring Program (administered by the US Forest Service) for use of their long-term macroinvertebrate monitoring data. JDT is supported by a Rutherford Discovery Fellowship administered by the Royal Society Te Apārangi (RDF-18-UOC-007), and Bioprotection Aotearoa and Te Pūnaha Matatini, both Centres of Research Excellence funded by the Tertiary Education Commission, New Zealand. VS was supported by a FAPESP grant #2019/06291-3 during the writing of this manuscript. The FEHM (Freshwater Ecology, Hydrology and Management) research group is funded by the “Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca” (AGAUR) at the "Generalitat de Catalunya” (2017SGR1643). CCB thanks PELD-PIAP/CNPq for support. M.C. was supported by a Ramón y Cajal Fellowship (RYC2020-029829-I) and the Serra Hunter programme (Generalitat de Catalunya). GAG was supported by #DEB-2025982, NTL LTER. PH received financial support from the eLTER PLUS project (Grant Agreement #871128). JMH was supported by the Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Program (F-69-P, Fish Management in Ohio), administered jointly by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and the Division of Wildlife, Ohio Department of Natural Resources (projects FADR65, FADX09, and FADB02). KLH and RP thank the Oulanka Research Station. MBF thanks over 300 students, staff and faculty that have participated in the Kentucky Lake Long-Term Monitoring Program at Hancock Biological Station, Murray State University, Murray, KY. MJJ thanks the Northumberland Wildlife Trust for site access. IISD-ELA zooplankton samples were counted and identified primarily by Willy Findlay and Alex Salki. Field collections within IISD-ELA were overseen by Mark Lyng and Ken Sandilands. Funding for most of the IISD-ELA data was provided by Fisheries and Oceans Canada. PP and MS were supported by the P505-20-17305S and GA23-05268S grants. LCR is grateful to the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia) at Universidade Estadual de Maringá for logistic 31 support; CNPq/ PELD for financial support and CNPq for a scholarship. AR was supported by NSF CAREER #2047324 and by UC Berkeley new faculty funds.

The LEPAS data set is restricted due to data sharing policies and can be obtained from the Lake Erie Fisheries Program Administrator at the Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Wildlife. All other data sets and code (Siqueira et al., 2023) are available in Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8333128.